Organisational Culture and Change: Schein and Kotter Explained

This note explores Schein’s model of organisational culture and the mechanics of planned change.

Schein’s three levels

1. Artifacts — visible structures, processes, language
2. Espoused values — stated strategies and goals
3. Basic assumptions — taken-for-granted beliefs

Kotter’s 8-step change model

1. Create urgency
2. Form a guiding coalition
3. Develop a vision
4. Communicate the vision
5. Empower action
6. Generate short-term wins
7. Sustain acceleration
8. Institute change